One of the problems we have since the late 20th century is that everything has been said, just not by everyone.
That is, gaining new insights is getting harder and harder - too hard
for people with an average IQ. So how do we deal with this?
Option A
would be to realise we have nothing to add to the already existing
information and, as a consequence, to shut up. But this is something we
don't want, as we like talking, right? (Besides we'd have to admit we
have but an average IQ, which we don't want either).
Option B
- just repeating already existing information - is more convenient, and
that's why we constantly do it (for instance, consider this text). But
as we repeat existing information, we realise we have nothing to add and
maybe should have chosen option A. And for the reason(s) stated above,
we don't even want to think of option A.
Option C -
repeating already existing information and selling it as something new -
is therefore even more convenient than option B. And how do we sell the
information we repeat as something new?
1) We could just
choose a different mode of presentation and adapt the information to
that mode by either complicating or simplifying it. What has first been
published as an article can be republished as a book, written in a more
wordy manner, or as a - more concise - poster. And why not make it into a
film, or translate it into another language (including statement logic,
predicate logic, lambda calculus, or Haskell?)
2) We
could also go on the meta level. This is something the Humanities
departments at universities like to do.
Catalan writers like the meta
level pretty much as well, consider L'Aniversari by Imma Monsó, or Quim Monzó's famous discurs-conte at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2007. Also, note how similar both writers' last names are 😀 By the way, if you don't know anything about Catalan literature and are slightly confused now because I'm throwing names at you that you haven't heard of and are not sure whether you should have heard of them or not - name-dropping is a bluffing technique widely accepted in Humanities, especially literature studies. Last year in my Catalan literature class I handed in a paper that had nearly nothing but names and common places in it, and they gave me 99/100 points for it. - Oh, and did you notice this text obeys the Iconicity Principle (Wiese 1996, 1999)?* What, you don't know what the Iconicity Principle is? Well, I do. Shame on you, good on me!
a)
First someone writes a book about, let's say, Nietzsche. Then someone
else writes another book about him. And then comes someone who have
nothing to say about Nietzsche himself, and writes a book about these
two books about Nietzsche instead, which is what people call reception history, or Rezeptionsgeschichte. Oh, and as in *almost* all natural languages (looking at you, Pirahã),
recursion may be applied, e.g. someone might write a reception history
of the reception history of Nietzsche's works, or a reception history of
the reception history of the reception history of Nietzsche's works,
and so on.
b) Another meta-level thing is fighting about
terminology, i.e. redefining terms and declaring any use that deviate
from the redefined use as offensive. Now we have a tool for analysing
the offensiveness of any text.
3) Yet another way of
presenting information differently is "reorganising" the pieces of
information. There is so much information available for any topic that
we cannot include all pieces of information in one text (be it a street
sign, a poster, a power-point or LaTeX presentation, an article or a
100-page book). But as we have many pieces of information, there are
even more ways of combining them, so why not choose a combination that
has not been chosen before (which is not half as difficult as gaining
new information)? Then you can say "Yes, I'm repeating already existing
information, but I'm presenting it from a different point of view" (note
that you're being really honest with yourself, admitting you are
repeating stuff. Good on you!). And if all possible combinations have
already been chosen, you can still pick a combination and change the
order in which the pieces are combined.
Fun fact: reorganising information is a performance officially taught and expected in exams at German Gymnasien (secondary schools). Also, in functionalist translatology any text is an 'information offer' (Informationsangebot)
and translators can freely pick information from the source text and
leave other information out according to the wishes of the client.
4)
Point 3 might have been summarised under point 1 and point 4 might have
been summarised under point 1 as well, but I added them as separate
points to complicate the information.
*Iconicity Principle (Summary): Identity of form implies identity of function; morphological and/or syntactic elements look like what they mean / what their semantic function is.
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venerdì 19 aprile 2019
domenica 7 aprile 2019
Sprachperformanz unter C-Kommando
Heute Morgen habe ich versucht, Baskisch zu reden und versehentlich
anstelle eines baskischen Wortes ein russisches Wort gesagt. "Oh", habe
ich mir gedacht, "Russisch interveniert". Der Ausdruck "intervenieren"
hat mich dann auf die Syntax gebracht und ich habe den Gedanken
weitergesponnen:
Wenn Russisch interveniert, dann C-kommandiert mich Baskisch nicht mehr.
C-Kommando
Ein Knoten α c-kommandiert einen Knoten β gdw [genau dann, wenn] (a) oder (b) gilt:
a. β ist die Schwester von α
b. β wird von der Schwester von α dominiert.
Also C-kommandiert mich Baskisch sehr wohl:
Valuierung von Merkmalen (z.B. Tempus von T auf klein v) erfolgt unter C-Kommando:
Abgleich (Agree)
In einer Konfiguration X[F:val]...Y[uF:[]], bei der "..." für C-Kommando steht, überprüft und valuiert [F:val] [uF:[]]. Dies resultiert in X[F:val]...Y[uF:val].
Allerdings gibt es eine Lokalitätsbeschränkung für Agree, die besagt, dass ein Kopf seine Merkmale nur auf dem Kopf seiner Schwester valuieren darf.
Jetzt brauche ich nur noch anzunehmen, dass ich ein Merkmal [ulanguage:[]] trage und der Baskisch-Kopf sein Merkmal [language:Basque] auf mir valuieren möchte, das aber nicht ganz hinbekommt, weil ich nicht der Kopf der Schwester von Baskisch bin, sondern der Kopf der Schwester des Russisch-Kopfes, der das Merkmal [ulanguage:Russian] auf mir valuiert.
Wenn Russisch interveniert, dann C-kommandiert mich Baskisch nicht mehr.
C-Kommando
Ein Knoten α c-kommandiert einen Knoten β gdw [genau dann, wenn] (a) oder (b) gilt:
a. β ist die Schwester von α
b. β wird von der Schwester von α dominiert.
Also C-kommandiert mich Baskisch sehr wohl:
Valuierung von Merkmalen (z.B. Tempus von T auf klein v) erfolgt unter C-Kommando:
Abgleich (Agree)
In einer Konfiguration X[F:val]...Y[uF:[]], bei der "..." für C-Kommando steht, überprüft und valuiert [F:val] [uF:[]]. Dies resultiert in X[F:val]...Y[
Allerdings gibt es eine Lokalitätsbeschränkung für Agree, die besagt, dass ein Kopf seine Merkmale nur auf dem Kopf seiner Schwester valuieren darf.
Jetzt brauche ich nur noch anzunehmen, dass ich ein Merkmal [ulanguage:[]] trage und der Baskisch-Kopf sein Merkmal [language:Basque] auf mir valuieren möchte, das aber nicht ganz hinbekommt, weil ich nicht der Kopf der Schwester von Baskisch bin, sondern der Kopf der Schwester des Russisch-Kopfes, der das Merkmal [ulanguage:Russian] auf mir valuiert.
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